1 THE IMPACT OF AI-POWERED TOOLS ON LABOUR MARKET The Impact of AI-Powered Tools on the Labor Market and Employment in Canada Ana Lucia Santos De Araujo (2100327) Uzcategui Lopez, Genesis Andreina (2117818) University Canada West MBAR 661: Research Project Professor: Aida Kazemi September 8, 2023 2 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 5 Data Sources .............................................................................................................. 12 Ability Exposure Matching ........................................................................................ 13 Exposure Calculation ................................................................................................. 15 Data Analysis and Results ................................................................................................ 16 Top AI exposed Occupations ..................................................................................... 16 Training & Education ................................................................................................ 19 Broad occupational category ..................................................................................... 20 Correlation test of occupation exposure of our findings for Canada with findings of Felton for USA.................................................................................................................. 23 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 26 References ......................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 33 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................... 33 Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................... 39 3 Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a groundbreaking technology that empowers computer systems to perform tasks that traditionally relied on human intelligence. This transformative capability has sparked discussions about its potential impact on employment and the labor market. We found that, based on 5-digit NOC, the top 10 highly AI-exposed occupations are financial managers, business development officers and market researchers and analysts, banking and other investment managers, securities manager, trust officers, accountants, investment analysts, notaries public, financial auditors, lawyers and Quebec notaries in Canada. Considering the training and education, 15% Canadian occupations typically require a university degree, of which 70% of them are highly exposed to AI. Considering the broad occupational category, our findings also reveal that over 90% of occupations in "Business, finance, and administration occupations" and "Legislative and senior management occupations" are highly exposed to AI all of which employ of total 5,266,400 individuals in Canada. The highest exposed occupational category is “Business, finance, and administration occupations” with a 16.28% employment rate to a total of 3,284,000 employed people in Canada. Keywords: ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, technology, labor market, employment, occupations, workforce, NOC 4 Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) rapid advancements technology, particularly rooted in Machine Learning and Generative AI, has had significant impact or seemed to have significant impacts on various industries and business, from the way in which they communicate, sell, operate, or carry out the activities. Therefore, this has initiated conversation around the potential impact on employment and labor market. This research outcomes will allow individuals and businesses to recognize the necessity of gaining the required skills to adapt to the changes, and it also will enable policymakers to understand the impact of the AI on the Canadian labor market to make well-informed decisions. To investigate this impact in Canada, we adopted the methodology by Felton et al. (2023) and leveraged the Canadian National Occupational Classification (NOC) and the OaSIS databases. Our analysis demonstrates the extent of AI's influence on the Canadian workforce and its 900 distinct occupations based on 5-digit NOC system. In this way, we construct a comprehensive list, spotlighting the occupations most susceptible to AI exposure. Furthermore, we developed a detailed examination of the aggregated findings, exploring Training & Education dynamics of the Canadian NOC (National Occupational Classification) and its 10 Broad Occupational categories to investigate the impact of the AI-powered tools. AI-exposure by occupation results is highly correlated to the results by Felton et al. (2023) showing robustness of our findings. Occupations with high exposure to AI may mean that it can be highly augmented or replaced, and this depends on the particular characteristics of each occupation; an example of this is the creative industries occupations such as content writers, film editors, and composers, which could be seen forced to augment their skills with these technologies. 5 Literature Review Artificial intelligence, as a distinct scientific field emerging from cybernetics in the late 1950s, during World War 1, set the stage for technologies capable of performing tasks that require a deeper degree of analysis (Abuselidze & Mamaladze, 2021; Mutascu, 2021). At its core, AI encompasses the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that previously needed human intelligence (Cutean et al., 2019), including reasoning, problem-solving and judgment skills. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also a transformative technology in which its systems function as machine-based entities that predict, recommend, and decide, impacting real or virtual environments (Lane & Saint-Martin, 2021). They use humanmachine inputs, abstract perceptions into models (often via machine learning), and offer actionable choices, adapting autonomously to diverse contexts. Moreover, AI systems have the power to impact their surroundings by employing data-driven decision-making and automated processes (White House & European Commission, 2022; Lane & SaintMartin, 2021; Briciu & Briciu, 2021). A comprehensive view of AI's scope is offered by Abuselidze & Mamaladze's analysis (2021), in which human intelligent problem-solving and machine-autonomous tasks are compared, remarking that in some cases, human capabilities have been surpassed by machine execution (Abuselidze & Mamaladze, 2021; Ngotngamwong, 2020). The advent of AI, representing a new class of machines capable of tasks previously exclusive to humans (Mutascu, 2021), marks a significant departure from traditional technological patterns (Su et al., 2021). The synergy between AI and automation has impacted and reshaped tasks and labor dynamics, including fields such as 6 medicine, finance, and information technology (Frank et al., 2019). The effects of this synergy are observed not only in emerging sectors like biotechnology, advanced manufacturing, clean technology, and interactive media but also in traditional industries such as food and agriculture (Cutean et al., 2019). Deloitte (2017) examined the "Intelligence Revolution" in Canada; this movement is based on advancements in machine learning, data storage, and computational power. Within the AI landscape, machine learning emerges as a transformative force that allows machines to solve problems by trial and error that, when accompanied by a robotic process, replaces repetitive human tasks, which is called Robotic Process Automation (RPA) (Deloitte, 2017). The AI revolution unfolds against the backdrop of concerns about displacement and unemployment (Makridakis, 2017; Frank et al., 2019). In the 4th industrial revolution context, AI is expected to polarize jobs into winners and losers, shifting the relative demands in the job market (Abuselidze & Mamaladze, 2021). Autor et al. (2022) assure that in the last 40 years, the demand-eroding effects of automation have been more significant than the rise of new jobs demand; however, AI can also work by augmenting human labor by synergizing AI and other technologies (Autor et al., 2022; Hatzius et al., 2023). Human and artificial intelligence fusion is a powerful dynamic, leading to improved organizational efficiency (Ngotngamwong, 2020); for this reason, AI can augment human labor and amplify productivity; this is why it is an attractive and relevant technology for organizations (Strack, 2021; Autor et al., 2022; Deloitte, 2017; Autor, 2022). This has caused large companies to start incorporating this technology into their processes; in this sense, Deloitte’s (2017) Human Capital Trends report found that 41 7 percent of companies have already fully implemented or made significant progress in adopting cognitive and AI technologies in their workforce. The figures of these companies incorporating artificial intelligence technology into their processes raise concerns about the potential impact that this may have on the labor market. On the one hand, due to the nature of technology, it can be expected that the augmentation empowers workers to elevate their quality outputs and creates new demands for specialized expertise and human enhancement technologies (Autor et al. 2022; Deloitte, 2017). However, the effect of automation on employment is not completely clear and could range from 9% to more than 50%, depending on methodology and country (Frank et al., 2019). Nonetheless, Frank et al. (2019) remarked that not always concerns around automation have materialized in widespread unemployment. Most of the current occupations were consolidated after 1940, and over the last 80 years, new occupations have constantly appeared to meet the businesses' needs. Initially, most 'new jobs' were around middle-paid production and clerical occupations; later, this "new jobs" category shifted to high-paid professionals and, secondarily, low-paid services since 1980 (Autor et al., 2022). Augmentation is heavily linked to new task creation; however, it does not predict where the new work will be (Autor et al., 2022). In this context, it seems that repetitive tasks will be managed by computers while elements based on judgment will be conducted by humans (Deloitte, 2017). These new technologies are expected to eliminate, change and create new jobs that will require a focus on diverse soft skills such as empathy, leadership and global awareness (Briciu & Briciu, 2021). Frank et al. (2019) refers to this process as the 'creative destruction' in which new industries and jobs are developed based on technological advancements. 8 Recent research in the United States has shown how some occupations are more exposed to artificial intelligence than others. Hatzius et al. (2023), in their research for Goldman Sachs, entitled "The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth," found that two-thirds of occupations in the United States are exposed to AI automation at different levels ranging from 25% to 30% of the workload with a chance to be replaced. Another of their findings was that they estimated that one-fourth of work tasks could be automated by AI in the United States, identifying administrative and legal occupations as the ones that could have the greatest exposure. In the same line, the research titled "How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries" by Felten et al. (2023) also found that other occupations, such as telemarketers and a wide variety of post-secondary, also had high exposure to AI, suggesting that these occupations could be augmented or replaced, depending on each occupation. Felten et al. He added that among the industries with the greatest exposure are securities, commodities, investments, and legal services. In the context of Canada, it is noteworthy to observe that nations characterized by high levels of automation tend to exhibit low unemployment rates (Manyika et al., 2017). Moreover, advanced economies often encounter a situation where the scarcity of automation becomes more pronounced than the excess of it (Felten et al., 2023), leading to the consideration that the challenge lies more in the deficiency of automation rather than an excess of it. The 2020 pandemic has speeded up the embrace of AI technologies, highlighting the urgency of developing a proficient workforce. Canada's digital workforce can be bolstered through upskilling initiatives and cross-training programs. Such endeavors hold the potential to unlock fresh employment prospects and novel career 9 trajectories for workers (Hamoni et al., 2021). Additionally, workers born outside the country represent a vital source for Canada's digital economy (Cutean et al., 2019). According to The Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC) 2019 report, the demand for digitally skilled workers is expected to reach more than 300,000, leading to 2.1 million people employed in the digital economy (Cutean et al., 2019); to put this in perspective, the number of workers is close to half of New Zealand population. To be sustained in the long term, the development of digital workers in Canada should not solely focus on technical skills; instead, it should also be focused in terms of sustainable capabilities that are portable and transferable between many occupations, such as collaboration, adaptability, and conceptual thinking, talents that AI cannot compete in foreseeable future (Deloitte, 2017; Frank et al., 2019). Since automation, artificial intelligence and technology have a great impact on organizations, their productivity and their processes, it causes great uncertainty knowing how these advances will affect the labor market around the world, especially in advanced countries who are expected to implement these technologies first. In this sense, Acemoglu & Autor (2011) ensure that middle-skilled employees, both at a cognitive and manual work level, are some of those who can be replaced, such as bookkeeping or monitoring jobs, due to their functions they can be codified and programmed to be made by a computer (Acemoglu & Autor, 2011). Although the above can mean an unfavourable impact for the labor market, according to Manyika et al. (2017), not everything is negative, since the other side of the coin is that it can also have a positive impact on productivity, since those employees who rely on technology may be more efficient (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2020). Autor et al. (2022) confirm both effects on the 10 labor market, assuring that technological advances increase the demand for new jobs that may not even exist yet, but they also warn of the depression of current jobs that can be replaced due to their high exposure (Autor et al., 2022). The effects of technology have not been analyzed by researchers only in the United States; other countries have also focused their studies on knowing how artificial intelligence and automation can affect the labor market. According to Zhou et al., 2020), the replacement of employees in China by AI affects women more than men, likewise it increases in the population with lower income, less education and increases from 41 years of age (Zhou et al., 2020). Regarding the opening of new jobs, in Europe there has been an increase in the demand for AI-related labor, who also receive 3% higher wages compared to non-AI employees (Nestor et al. ,2022). These results also extend to other countries such as France, where it was also found that uneducated employees are more affected by automation than educated workers. As per Hatzius et al. (2023) two-thirds of US occupations of which forms 25-50% of the workload are at high risk to be replaced by AI. In the case of Canada, the impact that automation can have on the labor market has also been confirmed. This automation includes repetitive and routine tasks that can be coded and programmed on a computer. This technology puts at risk about 10.6% of Canadian workers who have a high probability of being replaced by automation (Frenette & Frank, 2020; Frenette & Frank, 2020). Considering artificial intelligence such as those present in new technologies such as GPT Chat, an increase in the demand for digitally skilled workers is expected (Cutean et al., 2019), also increasing the potential earnings in certain professions related to technology (Hermus & Sopchokchai, 2022). 11 These investigations focus on the impact of automation; however, the strong arrival of artificial intelligence, thanks to the launch of Chat GPT by Open AI, has focused on how this technology and others associated with artificial intelligence will impact the Canadian labor market. Previous research shows that this technology will promote the automation of more than 300 million jobs worldwide, increasing productivity, reflected in an annual increase of 7% of GDP in the next ten years (Acemoglu et al., 2020). This research focuses on analyzing the potential impact of artificial intelligence on the Canadian labor market, measuring the level of exposure of occupations to AI and identifying the occupations with the highest exposure to this technology and the industries to which these occupations belong. Methodology The primary objective of this methodology is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the exposure of Canadian jobs to AI-powered tools like ChatGPT; the exposure refers to the potential impact that the AI can have on the occupations, which may result in substitution or augmentation depending on occupational traits such as task complexity, automation potential and data availability. To achieve this objective, we use a methodology that combines human data and AI capabilities to assess the level of AI involvement in various occupations within Canada. Our methodology is built upon the foundation established by Felton et al. in their 2023 article titled "How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries?" This article is also the base paper for this research and provides valuable insights into the implications of AI on occupations and industries, serving as a starting point for our own analysis. 12 Felton et al. (2023) uses the data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) by the United States Department of Labor database. O*NET provides details about 900+ occupations covering work units such as 'work activities,' 'abilities,' and 'skills.' In Felton et al. (2023) article, 52 human abilities are weighted by "prevalence" and "importance" to describe O*NET occupations (United States Department of Labor, n.d.). Data Sources To gather information about the human workforce in Canada, we rely on the Occupational and Skills Information System (OaSIS) database. This database contains information on 900 different job occupations in Canada according to the last modification made on August 1, 2023, classified using the National Occupational Classification (NOC) system 2021 Version 1.0, which shows a 5-digit hierarchical structure in its classification (Government of Canada, 2023). Later, this version was disaggregated from 516 NOC unit groups to 900 7-digit occupational profiles. For this research, this expanded version of the 7-digit was used. Each occupation is associated with a set of 49 abilities, ranging from skills such as information ordering and numerical ability to attributes like night vision and body flexibility. Notably, OaSIS provides a complexity level (Proficiency) for each ability, graded on a scale of 1 to 5. To connect abilities in each occupation to AI applications, we rely on Felton et al. (2023) article, which provides the result of their crowd-sourced matrix that assesses how AI applications are associated to human abilities. The original support article linked 10 AI applications based on Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) data to the 52 O*NET human abilities and then ability AI exposure rate is calculated using the crowd-sourced 13 matrix. The values from this matrix (ability AI exposure rate) are used as weights (A) in our basic calculations are displayed in Table 01. Ability Exposure Matching Despite the similarities between OaSIS (Canada database) and O*NET (US database), there are minor differences in the numbers, names and definitions of the abilities in these datasets. To be able to use AI ability exposure rate in Felton et al. (2023) article, a precise matching of the O*NET abilities with OaSIS abilities was done. According to the database, O*NET has 52 abilities (Onet Online, n.d.), while OaSIS has 49 abilities (Government of Canada, n.d.). To perform the matching, first of all, the abilities that had the same name in both databases were matched, confirming through their definitions that they referred to the same ability. Then, the abilities definitions that refer to the same process were carefully checked for abilities with different names. like Time Sharing (O*NET) and Multitasking (OaSIS). During this stage of the matching process, it was found that Canada groups certain abilities, such as Oral Comprehension and Oral Expression, in O*NET, which is grouped into a single ability called Verbal Ability in OaSIS. The same applies to the Dynamic Flexibility and Extent Flexibility abilities in O*NET, which are grouped into the OaSIS Body Flexibility ability according to their definitions. Finally, the ability of Originality was found in O*NET, which was not considered for this analysis since a similar ability was not found in OaSIS Canada. Since the 49 OaSIS Canada skills were found and matched with the O*NET abilities, the decision to exclude the Originality ability does not affect or compromise the results obtained (see appendix 1). 14 Table 01 Occupation Exposure Score by Ability for OaSIS Canada adopted from Felton et al. (2023) after matching Abilities Canada AI Exposure Score Information Ordering 1.908 Memorizing 1.686 Patter Organization speed 1.377 Pattern Identification 1.36 Categorization Flexibility 1.276 Perceptual Speed 1.24 Selective Attention 1.151 Deductive Reasoning 1.04 Speech Recognition 0.972 Inductive Reasoning 0.964 Multitasking 0.67 Auditory Attention Verbal Ability 0.66 0.61 Speech Clarity 0.568 Written Comprehension 0.563 Problem Identification 0.538 Mathematical Reasoning 0.486 Numerical Ability 0.483 Written Expression 0.458 Spatial Visualization 0.449 Multi-signal response 0.437 Hearing Sensitivity 0.434 Colour Perception 0.415 Fluency of Ideas 0.401 Spatial Orientation 0.375 Sound Localization 0.317 Near Vision 0.15 15 Reaction Time 0.117 Depth Perception 0.067 Control of Settings 0.032 Rate Control -0.135 Far Vision -0.197 Glare Tolerance -0.287 Peripheral Vision -0.33 Night Vision -0.377 Finger Dexterity -0.907 Finger-Hand-Wrist Motion -1.051 Manual Dexterity -1.053 Arm-Hand Steadiness -1.125 Multi-Limb Coordination -1.151 Speed of Limb Movement -1.302 Gross Body Coordination -1.355 Gross Body Equilibrium Body Flexibility -1.417 -1.505 Stamina -1.514 Static Strength -1.562 Dynamic Strength -1.582 Explosive Strength -1.599 Trunk Strength -1.721 Note. Crowd-sourced matrix AI exposure Score. Adapt from How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries? - Felten et al. 2023. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.01157 Exposure Calculation Our methodology involves calculating the Occupation Exposure (OE) score for each occupation. This score is computed by summing the abilities of each occupation, weighted by their respective exposure to AI applications. Mathematically, the OE score is 16 determined by dividing the sum of abilities weighted by their AI exposure by the total sum of abilities. The formula can be expressed as follows: 𝑂𝐸! = ∑$% #&' 𝐴"# ⋅ 𝐶"# ⋅ 𝐼"# ∑$% #&' 𝐶"# ⋅ 𝐼"# In the equation, 𝐴"# refers to the exposure level of abilities obtained from Felton et al. (2023) using crowd source matrix. This data is first obtained by adopting the results of the AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) measure from Felten et al. (2023), which was then compared through a matching process to the abilities of OaSIS Canada (See table 01 and appendix 1). On the other hand, 𝐶"# refers to the complexity level of each ability in tech occupation on a 1 to 5 scale. Lastly, 𝐼"# refers to the level of importance. Due to the lack of available data of the importance of each ability in Oasis, we assume 𝐼"# = 1 for simplicity. This assumption did not have significant impact on the results when compared to the findings of Felton et al. (2023) therefore it is not a heavy assumption in our studies. The correlation test results attest to the claim. Data Analysis and Results Top AI exposed Occupations As a result of this research, the occupational exposure score was found for each of the 900 occupations according to the Occupational and Skills Information System (OaSIS) of Canada (See Appendix 2). This exposure was located between a range of 0.401 and 0.882 Table 02 shows the 20 occupations with the highest exposure level with the broad occupational category to which they belong, according to the OaSIS database. Of these 17 20 occupations, 11 are from the Business, finance and administration categories. Likewise, six belong to the category of Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services, and finally, three belong to the category of Legislative and senior management occupations. Table 02 Top 20 occupations with higher rates Code OaSIS Occupations 10010.00 Financial managers 41402.00 10021.01 10020.04 11109.04 11100.02 11101.02 42200.03 11100.01 41101.00 00012.00 10011.00 Broad occupational category OE Business, finance and 0.882 administration occupations Business development Occupations in education, law and officers and market social, community and government 0.877 researchers and analysts services Banking and other investment Business, finance and 0.877 managers administration occupations Business, finance and Securities manager 0.868 administration occupations Business, finance and Trust officers 0.867 administration occupations Business, finance and Accountants 0.866 administration occupations Business, finance and Investment analysts 0.860 administration occupations Occupations in education, law and Notaries public social, community and government 0.858 services Business, finance and Financial auditors 0.857 administration occupations Occupations in education, law and Lawyers and Quebec notaries social, community and government 0.857 services Senior managers - financial, Legislative and senior management communications and other 0.849 occupations business services Business, finance and Human resources managers 0.846 administration occupations 18 42200.05 00013.00 00014.00 Justice of the peace Senior managers - health, education, social and community services and membership organizations Senior managers - trade, broadcasting and other services 41100.00 Judges 42200.04 Trademark agents 11109.01 Financial examiners and inspectors 10022.04 E-business managers 11101.01 Financial analysts Occupations in education, law and social, community and government 0.846 services Legislative and senior management 0.844 occupations Legislative and senior management 0.842 occupations Occupations in education, law and social, community and government 0.840 services Occupations in education, law and social, community and government 0.832 services Business, finance and 0.830 administration occupations Business, finance and 0.829 administration occupations Business, finance and 0.828 administration occupations It is important to highlight that the occupational exposure score implies the level at which an occupation can be augmented or substituted thanks to artificial intelligence and that the fact that one of the two actions occurs will depend on other factors directly related to each occupation. In this sense, occupations such as Human Resources Manager could be at risk of being substituted by AI due to the use of new technologies that streamline decision-making processes or, on the contrary, could be augmented by incorporating other AI technologies that help improve efficiency. For further analysis, all 900 occupations were divided into three categories based on the exposure rankings: High exposure, medium exposure, and low exposure. The high exposure category includes occupations with scores between 0.412 and 0.882; medium 19 exposure category has occupations scored between 0.016 and 0.409 and finally, the low exposure occupations score has ranges between -0.401 and 0.015. We differentiate exposure from impact in our research. Our results and findings show that all occupations are exposed to AI-powered tools. However, the degree to which each occupation is exposed will be different. Therefore, we call the difference of level of exposure as an impact from high to medium to low. On other words, the occupational exposure score implies the level at which an occupation can be augmented or substituted by AI-powered tools. The level of impact can vary depending on each occupation's particular characteristics. Training & Education The government of Canada's National Occupational System NOC and the database OaSIS provide data to observe which level of education or training required for each of its 900 occupations. To analyze the impact of AI on occupations through the lens of Training and Education. Our analysis reveals those occupations in the category "Occupations usually require a university degree," including roles like "market researchers, and accountants" is the most relevant category featured in the group with 'High exposure to AI.' Remarkably, this group constitutes a substantial portion of Canada's occupations, accounting for 45% of all occupations in High exposing to AI and 21% of the total 900 OaSIS (Occupations and Skills in the Service Sector) occupations (see figure 01). Figure 01 Canadian Occupations in High Occupation Exposure by Training & Education 20 Note. The "High AI Exposure" category includes occupations that are particularly susceptible to AI advancements, as determined by our analysis. The data presented in this figure is based on the National Occupational Classification (NOC) Canada and OaSIS databases. Broad occupational category Analyzing the broad occupational category NOC in Canada (10 categories, see table 04) helps us understand the highly exposed occupations in broader category. As shown in Table 04, NOC's first digit refers to these broad occupational categories. These ten categories represent the industry of employment or field of study needed to enter an occupation (Employment and Social Development, 2023b). Table 03 Broad Occupation Categories and Employment in Canada 2023 (x1,000) 10 broad occupational categories 0 – Legislative and senior management occupations 1 – Business, finance and administration occupations 2 – Natural and applied sciences and related occupations Employed 1,982.40 3,284.00 1,776.30 21 3 – Health occupations 1,560.10 4 – Occupations in education, law and social, community and government 2,311.80 services 5 – Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 690.9 6 – Sales and service occupations 4,395.00 7 – Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 2,964.30 8 – Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 353.5 9 – Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 848.1 Note. Broad Occupations in Canada and its employment. Adapted from Labor force characteristics by occupation, monthly, unadjusted for seasonality, inactive. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410029601 by Government of Canada, Statistics Canada by Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Our findings reveal that 100% of occupations in "Legislative and senior management occupations", over 90% of occupations in "Business, finance, and administration occupations", and 58.2% of occupations in “Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services” are highly exposed to AI (see figure 02) Regardless of the level of AI exposure, these 3 categories employ of total 7,578,200 individuals in Canada (Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, 2023). High exposure rate in “Business, finance, and administration occupations” concerns financial and business, administrative and regulatory, and clerical supervision and support services (Employment and Social Development, 2023b), it currently employs 16% of Canadian workforce to a total of 3,284,000 (Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, 2023). "Business, finance, and administration occupations" is the most significant category in high exposure in total volume, embracing 85 occupations. In this category, financial manager has the highest AI exposure, at the top position in this analysis rank, and employment of 74,900 in 2021 (Canada, 2023b). 22 Notably, according to Statistics Canada (2023), Sales and service occupations are the broad occupational with the highest volume of workers responding for 21.4% of 20,166,400 total workers in Canada as July 2023 (Government of Canada, Statistics Canada,2023). This analysis shows that 82.7% of occupations in this broad category are in low or moderate exposure to AI, and only 19 of its 110 OaSIS occupations are highly exposed to AI. "Insurance agents and brokers" is the highest rated occupation, placed on the top 23, and employment of 90,200 in 2021 (Canada, 2023). Figure 02 Percentage of Broad Category in High Occupation Exposure Note. Business, finance, and administration occupations present high exposure to AI as determined by our analysis. The data presented in this figure is based on the National Occupational Classification (NOC) Canada and OaSIS databases. 23 Correlation test of occupation exposure of our findings for Canada with findings of Felton for USA Felton's methodology manages O*NET information to understand the extent to which occupations in the US are exposed to AI, such as ChatGPT. In this article, we worked on the Canadian database OaSIS to assess this effect on Canada's workforce. Due to differences in how data is presented in both databases and lack of data of importance level of occupations in OaSIS, we assumed the importance level of occupations is "1" for all occupations in Canada. Despite the importance level assumption for occupations in Canada, the OE measure of occupation in this study is highly correlated with Felton et al. (2023) AIOE index. In this sense, the correlation analysis using the Pearson and Spearman method presents coefficients r = 0.888 and rho = 0.883 close to 1. Both methods state that coefficients near 1 indicate a strong positive relationship, implying that as exposure increases in occupations in the US, it also increases for similar occupations in Canada. Figure 03 shows the strong linear relationship of both measures, which indicates that the list of exposed occupations in Felton et al. (2023) is highly correlated with the exposed occupations in this research. Furthermore, our results find resonance within the broader literature, notably aligning with research such as Goldman Sachs' report (2023). This convergence across multiple sources underscores the validity of our findings. However, considering the fast pace of changes and revolutions in AI and the effects of AI on workforce, there is a need for continuous research and updates on the approaches, analysis, and measurements. Table 05 24 Correlation Values Method Pearson Spearman Coefficient r rho Value 0.888 0.883 Figure 03 Occupation Correlation Analysis Note. This scatterplot highlights the linear correlation between Felton's article and our analysis. It is worth nothing that there are other methodologies to analyze the correlation and associations such as Covariance, and Regression analysis. However, we used the simple and common method to test this correlation. If time allowed, we could also use other methodologies. Limitations Given the availability of the relevant data, imposed assumptions, and high correlation and consistency of our findings, still there are limitations in this research that requires to be discussed. The following are limitations of this research, and we hope this 25 will shed light for the future scholars and researchers working on this field and create potential future research opportunities to overcome the current challenges and limitations. At first, matching occupations from the US O*NET and Canada OaSIS databases posed some challenges due to the differences in categorizing occupations. These two databases use different classification systems, which make difficult one-to-one matches. For instance, occupations may be similar in tasks and responsibilities but present different titles or descriptions. There are also differences in granularity because some occupations in one database are divided into subcategories while their counterparts in the other database are not. In addition to what was said, Felton's 2021 article only ranked 700 of 1016 O*NET occupations. A second limitation encountered during the analysis of occupations using the Canada OaSIS database was the absence of data detailing the importance of specific abilities within each occupation. That is to say, OaSIS does not provide a ranking or weighting of abilities based on their importance to the effective performance of specific job roles. This paper uses the value one for importance of all abilities. A third challenge to the analysis of labor market dynamics is the limited availability of employment public data at 5-digit NOC level due to confidentiality of data at this level. To access the needed data, the request for access to this confidential data should be made which requires going through a time-consuming process. This was not feasible for our research given the limited time span we had. A fourth limitation was the limited information about AI applications that Felton et al. (2023) used for exposure calculations. AI applications continue to change rapidly; 26 therefore, Occupation Exposure could change if these new applications are considered, resulting in more accurate and up-to-date results. Conclusions This paper has adapted Felton's methodology to Canada's case to assess the impact of AI on workforce occupations. Despite the challenges to matching US and Canada data and the absence of important parameters for abilities, we found a significant positive correlation between this paper list and Felton et al. (2023) result. We also found that occupations that require a university degree are currently highly exposed to AI and that the broad occupation "Business, finance, and administration occupations" has the greatest group of occupations with High exposure to AI. Similarly, occupations with high exposure to AI also encompass occupations in the legal and professional services sector. The level of AI exposure within an occupation suggests the potential for augmentation or replacement, contingent upon the unique attributes of each profession. Further investigations using data from the occupational level are needed to explore deep aspects of employment and AI. The research results will allow individuals and businesses to identify and recognize the necessity of gaining the required skills to adapt to the changes, and it also will enable policymakers to understand the impact of the AI technologies on the Canadian labor market to make well-informed decisions. Overall, this research aims to contribute to the studies of AI impact on the workforce, focusing on the Canadian work environment. This analysis produced relevant data for organizations in different industries and individuals. 27 References Abuselidze, G., & Mamaladze, L. (2021, March). The impact of artificial intelligence on employment before and during pandemic: A comparative analysis. 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Human Behavior, Development & Society, 21(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344270729_Artificial_Intelligence_and _Its_Impacts_on_Employability Onet Online (n.d.). Browse by Abilities. https://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/1.A Strack, R., Carrasco, M., Kolo, P., Nouri, N., Priddis, M., & George, R. (2021). The Future of Jobs in the Era of AI. Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2021/impact-of-new-technologies-on-jobs 32 Su, Z., Togay, G., & Côté, A. M. (2021). Artificial intelligence: a destructive and yet creative force in the skilled labour market. Human Resource Development International, 24(3), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2020.1818513 United States Department of Labor. (n.d.). O*NET Introduction. O*NET OnLine. https://www.onetonline.org/ White House & European Commission (2022). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Future of Workforces in the European Union and the The United States of America. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/TTC-ECCEA-AI-Report-12052022-1.pdf Zhou, G., Chu, G., Li, L., & Meng, L. (2020). The effect of artificial intelligence on China’s labor market. China Economic Journal, 13(1), 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2019.1681201 33 Appendix Appendix 1 Abilities matched from ONET to OASIS. The matching table to be written with definitions of each ability for both ONET and OASIS Abilities ONET (52) Description Abilities The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position. The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds. The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways. The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense. The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object. The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue. The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object. Arm-Hand Steadiness Auditory Attention Category Flexibility Deductive Reasoning Depth Perception Dynamic Strength Explosive Strength Abilities Oasis (49) Description Abilities The ability to keep your hand Arm-Hand and arm steady while moving or Steadiness holding them in one position. The ability to give full attention Auditory on a single source of sound in Attention the presence of other distracting sounds. The ability to generate or use Categorization different sets of rules for Flexibility combining or grouping things in different ways. The ability to apply general rules Deductive to produce logical answers for Reasoning specific problems. The ability to discern which of several objects is closer or Depth farther away from you, or to Perception estimate the distance between you and an object. The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over Dynamic time. This involves muscular Strength endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue. The ability to exert short bursts Explosive of muscle force to propel oneself Strength (as in jumping or sprinting), to 34 throw an object, or to apply force with a tool. The ability to see details at a distance. The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects. The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity). The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting. The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion. The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position. The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness. The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events). Far Vision The ability to see details of Far Vision objects and people at a distance. Finger Dexterity The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble small objects. Finger Dexterity Fluency of Ideas Fluency of Ideas Glare Sensitivity Glare Tolerance The ability to come up with multiple ideas about a topic. The ability to see objects or people, in the presence of glare or bright lighting. The ability to coordinate the Gross Body Gross Body movement of your arms, legs, Coordination Coordination and torso together when the whole body is in motion. Gross Body Equilibrium Hearing Sensitivity Inductive Reasoning The ability to keep or regain Gross Body your body balance or stay Equilibrium upright when in an unstable position. The ability to detect or Hearing distinguish the differences Sensitivity between sounds in terms of pitch and volume. The ability to combine pieces of information to form general Inductive rules or conclusions, which Reasoning includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events. 35 The ability to arrange things or The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific pattern according to a specific Information Information rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns Ordering Ordering of numbers, letters, words, of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical pictures, mathematical operations). operations). The ability to quickly move your The ability to move your hand, hand, your hand together with your hand together with your Manual Manual your arm, or your two hands to arm, or your two hands to grasp, Dexterity Dexterity grasp, manipulate, or assemble manipulate, or assemble objects objects. or tools. The ability to choose the right The ability to choose the right Mathematical Mathematical mathematical methods or mathematical methods or Reasoning Reasoning formulas to solve a problem. formulas to solve a problem. The ability to remember The ability to remember information such as words, information such as words, Memorization Memorizing numbers, pictures, and numbers, pictures, or procedures. procedures. The ability to coordinate two or The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two more limbs, such as two arms, arms, two legs, or one leg and two legs, or one leg and one arm, one arm) while sitting, standing, Multilimb Multi-Limb while sitting, standing, or lying or lying down. It does not Coordination Coordination down. It does not involve involve performing the activities performing the activities while while the whole body is in the whole body is in motion. motion. The ability to see details at close The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the Near Vision Near Vision range. observer). The ability to see under lowlight conditions. The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly. The ability to see under low light Night Vision Night Vision conditions. Number Facility The ability to carry out Numerical arithmetical processes accurately such as addition, subtraction, Ability multiplication or division. 36 The ability to listen to and understand information and Oral ideas presented through spoken Comprehensio words and sentences. n The ability to understand the meaning, precise use, associated ideas, and relationships of spoken words; and to use them in the proper context when Verbal Ability presenting information or ideas. The ability to communicate information and ideas in Oral speaking so others will Expression understand. The ability to quickly and The ability to compare, quickly accurately compare similarities and accurately, similarities and and differences among sets of differences among sets of letters, letters, numbers, objects, numbers, objects, pictures, or pictures, or patterns. The things patterns. The things to be Perceptual Perceptual to be compared may be compared may be presented at Speed Speed presented at the same time or the same time, one after the one after the other. This ability other, or with a remembered also includes comparing a object. presented object with a remembered object. The ability to see objects or The ability to see objects, movement of objects to one's Peripheral Peripheral people, or their movement in the side when the eyes are looking Vision Vision peripheral field of vision when ahead. looking ahead. The ability to tell when The ability to identify an something is wrong or is likely existing or potential problem. It to go wrong. It does not involve Problem Problem is not about solving the problem, solving the problem, only Sensitivity Identification but only about recognizing its recognizing that there is a presence. problem. The ability to time your The ability to time your movements or the movement of movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in a piece of equipment in Rate Control Rate Control anticipation of changes in the anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene. moving object. The ability to quickly respond The ability to respond quickly (with the hand, finger, or foot) to with one or more limbs to a Reaction Time Reaction Time a signal (sound, light, picture) stimulus such as noise, light or when it appears. image. 37 The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted. The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated. The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you. The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you. The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted. Selective Attention Selective Attention Sound Localization The ability to identify the Sound direction, origin and distance Localization from which a sound comes. Spatial Orientation The ability to know your location in relation to the Spatial environment or know where Orientation objects are in relation to you. The ability to articulate and pronounce words clearly, so Speech Clarity Speech Clarity others can understand you when you speak. The ability to identify and The ability to identify and Speech Speech understand the speech of another understand the speech of another Recognition Recognition person. person. The ability to quickly move the arms and legs. The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath. The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects. Speed of Limb Movement Stamina Speed of The ability to quickly move the Limb arms and legs. Movement The ability to perform intense physical activities over long Stamina periods without becoming winded or out of breath. The ability to exert muscle force Static Strength Static Strength to lift, push, pull, carry, or transfer objects. The ability to use your The ability to exert your abdominal and lower back abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the Trunk Trunk muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously Strength Strength body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" over time without "giving out" or fatiguing. or fatiguing. The ability to read and The ability to read and Written Written understand information and Comprehensio Comprehensio understand information and ideas presented in writing. ideas presented in written form. n n 38 The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand. The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness. The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing Written Written and adapting the writing style to Expression Expression the audience so that they can understand. The ability to match or detect differences or similarities Visual Color Colour Determination Perception between colours, including shades of colour and brightness. The ability to quickly and The ability to adjust the controls repeatedly adjust the controls of Control Control of of a machine or a vehicle to a machine or a vehicle to exact Precision Settings exact positions. positions. The ability to make fast, simple, The ability to make fast, simple, Wrist-Finger Finger-Handrepeated movements of the and repeated movements of the Speed Wrist Motion fingers, hands, and wrists. fingers, hands, and wrists. The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs. The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs. Dynamic Flexibility Body Flexibility The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs. Extent Flexibility The ability to choose quickly The ability to choose quickly between two or more between one or more movements movements in response to two or with the hand, finger, or foot in more different signals (lights, Response Multi-signal response to the appearance of sounds, pictures). It includes the Orientation response two or more different signals speed with which the correct such as lights, sounds, or response is started with the hand, images. foot, or other body part. The ability to identify or detect a The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, known pattern such as a figure, Flexibility of Pattern word, or sound) that is hidden in object, word, or sound that is Closure Identification other distracting material. hidden in other information or material. The ability to quickly make The ability to quickly combine Patter sense of, combine, and organize Speed of and organize information into Organization information into meaningful Closure meaningful patterns. speed patterns. 39 The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged. The ability to think visually about geometric forms, comprehend the twoSpatial dimensional representation of Visualization Visualization three-dimensional objects and recognize the relationships resulting from the movement of objects in space. The ability to shift back and The ability to shift back and forth between two or more forth between two or more activities or sources of activities or sources of Time Sharing Multitasking information (such as speech, information during the same sounds, touch, or other sources). time period (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources). Appendix 2 Occupation Exposure Score for each occupation in Canada. Nº 1 Code NOC Occupations Canada AI exposure of each occupation 0.882 3 10010.00 Financial managers Business development officers and market researchers and 41402.00 analysts 10021.01 Banking and other investment managers 4 10020.04 Securities manager 0.868 5 11109.04 Trust officers 0.867 6 11100.02 Accountants 0.866 7 11101.02 Investment analysts 0.860 8 42200.03 Notaries public 0.858 9 11100.01 Financial auditors 0.857 10 0.857 12 41101.00 Lawyers and Quebec notaries Senior managers - financial, communications and other 00012.00 business services 10011.00 Human resources managers 13 42200.05 Justice of the peace 0.846 2 11 0.877 0.877 0.849 0.846 40 Senior managers - health, education, social and community services and membership organizations 14 00013.00 15 00014.00 Senior managers - trade, broadcasting and other services 0.842 16 41100.00 Judges 0.840 17 42200.04 Trademark agents 0.832 18 11109.01 Financial examiners and inspectors 0.830 19 10022.04 E-business managers 0.829 20 11101.01 Financial analysts 0.828 21 10020.01 Insurance managers 0.828 22 10021.02 Credit managers 0.827 23 63100.00 Insurance agents and brokers 0.825 24 00011.00 Senior government managers and officials 0.822 25 11103.01 Securities agents and investment dealers 0.819 26 11102.00 Financial advisors 0.818 27 0.817 29 41401.00 Economists and economic policy researchers and analysts Senior managers - construction, transportation, production 00015.00 and utilities 11109.02 Financial investigators 30 41403.06 Social survey researchers 0.811 31 21210.01 Mathematicians 0.808 32 12104.02 Government benefits services officers 0.807 33 41409.05 Linguists 0.807 34 51114.03 Interpreters 0.807 35 21210.03 Actuaries 0.805 36 51114.01 Translators and translator-revisers 0.805 37 12201.02 Insurance claims examiners 0.803 38 41409.06 Political scientists 0.801 39 11109.03 Financial Underwriters 0.801 40 10020.03 Mortgage broker managers 0.800 41 21210.02 Statisticians 0.800 42 41409.08 Sociologists 0.800 43 51114.02 Terminologists 0.799 44 40010.00 28 Government managers - health and social policy development and program administration 0.844 0.813 0.812 0.798 41 Government managers - education policy development and program administration 45 40012.00 0.798 46 10030.00 Telecommunication carriers managers 0.796 47 11200.00 Human resources professionals 0.794 48 31303.03 Genetic counsellors 0.793 49 31200.00 Psychologists 0.792 50 41409.09 Other social science professionals 0.791 51 40011.00 53 Government managers - economic analysis, policy development and program administration Education policy researchers, consultants and program 41405.00 officers 41406.02 Recreation, sports and fitness policy analysts 54 41403.01 Social policy researchers 0.788 55 13200.01 Custom brokers 0.787 56 42200.02 Independent paralegals 0.785 57 12113.00 Statistical officers and related research support occupations 0.784 58 40020.02 Registrars 0.784 59 00010.00 Legislators 0.783 60 10012.00 Purchasing managers 0.783 61 0.782 63 41403.07 Social service planners Professional occupations in marketing, advertising and public 11202.00 relations 11201.00 Professional occupations in business management consulting 64 11103.02 Brokers 0.779 65 40020.01 Faculty administrators 0.778 66 0.776 68 41302.00 Religious leaders Career development practitioners and career counsellors 41321.00 (except education) 10022.02 Marketing managers 69 10022.03 Public relation managers 0.768 70 10029.00 Other business services managers 0.767 71 0.766 73 41403.03 Housing policy analysts Novelists, playwrights, script writers, poets and other 51111.01 creative writers 12102.00 Procurement and purchasing agents and officers 74 40019.00 Other managers in public administration 0.763 52 62 67 72 0.790 0.788 0.788 0.781 0.780 0.776 0.772 0.765 0.764 42 75 42200.01 Paralegals 0.763 76 12201.01 Insurance adjusters 0.758 77 40030.00 Managers in social, community and correctional services 0.757 78 10019.00 Other administrative services managers 0.757 79 42204.00 Religion workers 0.756 80 41409.07 Psychometricians 0.752 81 41403.04 Immigration and citizenship consultants 0.751 82 41403.05 International aid and development project officers 0.750 83 12200.00 Accounting technicians and bookkeepers 0.748 84 10022.01 Advertising managers 0.747 85 13112.00 Medical administrative assistants 0.747 86 14110.02 Statistical clerks 0.743 87 21103.00 Meteorologists and climatologists 0.742 88 12101.00 Human resources and recruitment officers 0.739 89 10020.02 Real estate service managers 0.736 90 21220.00 Cybersecurity specialists 0.735 91 12104.01 Excise tax revenue officers 0.733 92 13102.00 Payroll administrators 0.733 93 21211.00 Data scientists 0.727 94 12111.00 Health information management occupations 0.727 95 60010.00 Corporate sales managers 0.724 96 41301.00 Therapists in counselling and related specialized therapies 0.724 97 41200.00 University professors and lecturers 0.724 98 41407.00 Program officers unique to government 0.724 99 21230.00 Computer systems developers and programmers 0.722 100 51111.02 Content writers (non-technical) 0.722 101 14101.02 Hospital admitting clerks 0.722 102 40021.02 Administrators of elementary and secondary education 0.721 103 41409.03 Geographers 0.720 104 20012.00 Computer and information systems managers 0.720 105 70020.02 Transportation managers, freight traffic 0.715 106 11109.05 Mortgage brokers 0.715 107 51111.03 Copywriters 0.714 108 41201.02 Post-secondary research assistants 0.713 109 20010.00 Engineering managers 0.710 43 110 41400.03 Patent agents 0.709 111 14301.04 Readers and press clippers 0.708 112 14200.00 Accounting and related clerks 0.706 113 41201.01 Post-secondary teaching assistants 0.703 114 63102.00 Financial sales representatives 0.703 115 40020.03 Administrator of vocational training schools 0.701 116 51113.00 Journalists 0.699 117 21222.00 Information systems specialists 0.698 118 22303.00 Construction estimators 0.698 119 41404.00 Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers 0.698 120 40021.01 School principals 0.697 121 51110.00 Editors 0.696 122 20011.02 Science Managers 0.694 123 12202.00 Insurance underwriters 0.688 124 65109.03 Telephone solicitors and telemarketers 0.688 125 41320.00 Educational counsellors 0.687 126 30010.00 Managers in health care 0.685 127 51120.05 Film editors 0.684 128 21231.00 Software engineers and designers 0.683 129 0.681 131 64409.00 Other customer and information services representatives Managers - publishing, motion pictures, broadcasting and 50011.00 performing arts 12112.00 Records management technicians 132 14103.00 Court clerks and related court services occupations 0.676 133 21223.01 Database analysts 0.674 134 20011.01 Architecture and urban planning managers 0.674 135 31100.11 Preventive medicine physicians 0.674 136 14102.00 Personnel clerks 0.673 137 12110.02 Medical transcriptionists 0.670 138 21223.02 Data administrators 0.669 139 51120.04 Art directors 0.668 140 62100.00 Technical sales specialists - wholesale trade 0.668 141 13201.01 Production logistics coordinators 0.666 142 41400.04 Science policy and program officers 0.665 143 14405.00 Transportation route and crew schedulers 0.665 130 0.679 0.677 44 144 14404.00 Dispatchers 0.662 145 21100.01 Physicists 0.662 146 51120.01 Film, radio, television and video game producers 0.661 147 51120.06 Record producers 0.657 148 12011.00 Supervisors, finance and insurance office workers 0.656 149 14202.00 Collection clerks 0.655 150 14110.01 Survey interviewers 0.655 151 72604.02 Marine traffic regulators 0.655 152 51121.03 Arrangers 0.654 153 21311.02 Network system and data communication engineers 0.654 154 14301.05 Regulatory clerks 0.653 155 14101.01 Receptionists 0.652 156 21311.01 Computer and telecommunications hardware engineers 0.651 157 21100.02 Astronomers 0.649 158 14301.03 Proofreaders and editorial assistants 0.648 159 62201.01 Funeral directors 0.648 160 13111.00 Legal administrative assistants 0.645 161 21221.00 Business system specialists 0.640 162 41409.04 Historians 0.636 163 53111.04 Scripts assistants 0.635 164 12100.00 Executive assistants 0.634 165 63101.00 Real estate agents and salespersons 0.633 166 62101.00 Retail and wholesale buyers 0.632 167 21202.00 Urban and land use planners 0.630 168 41400.05 Technology transfer officers 0.630 169 31100.04 Psychiatrists 0.630 170 51112.00 Technical writers 0.630 171 64310.00 Travel counsellors 0.625 172 22222.00 Information systems testing technicians 0.625 173 51120.02 Directors 0.624 174 21301.00 Mechanical engineers 0.621 175 13200.02 Ship brokers 0.621 176 14403.01 Purchasing control workers 0.620 177 21233.00 Web designers 0.618 178 13110.00 Administrative assistants 0.617 45 179 21331.00 Geological engineers 0.616 180 21390.00 Aerospace engineers 0.614 181 21232.00 Software developers and programmers 0.613 182 31112.02 Speech language pathologists 0.612 183 0.610 185 70020.01 Transportation managers, operations Supervisors, library, correspondence and related information 12012.00 workers 60031.00 Accommodation service managers 186 14301.02 Correspondence clerks 0.607 187 21109.01 Metallurgists 0.604 188 31100.07 Neurologists 0.601 189 72601.01 Air traffic controllers 0.599 190 14201.02 Insurance clerks 0.598 191 21300.00 Civil engineers 0.595 192 0.595 196 52121.00 Interior designers and interior decorators Customer service representatives supervisors - financial 62023.01 services 21330.00 Mining engineers Customer service representatives supervisors (except 62023.02 financial services) 21109.02 Materials scientists 197 21332.00 Petroleum engineers 0.592 198 21234.00 Web developers and programmers 0.592 199 72601.02 Flight dispatchers 0.591 200 31121.00 Dietitians and nutritionists 0.589 201 41409.01 Anthropologists 0.589 202 14201.03 Other financial clerks 0.587 203 64201.03 Weight loss consultants 0.585 204 41300.00 Social workers 0.583 205 0.578 207 12203.03 Appraisers Communicative disorders assistants and speech-language 32109.02 pathology assistants 90011.02 Electrical power distribution managers 208 14201.01 Bank clerks 0.573 209 21200.00 Architects 0.573 210 21399.02 Biomedical engineers 0.571 184 193 194 195 206 0.608 0.607 0.594 0.593 0.593 0.592 0.576 0.575 46 211 0.570 213 72604.01 Railway traffic controllers Sales and account representatives - wholesale trade (non64101.00 technical) 51121.02 Composers 214 51120.07 Directors of photography 0.562 215 12103.00 Conference and event planners 0.561 216 21310.00 Electrical and electronics engineers 0.559 217 14301.01 Classified advertising clerks 0.556 218 80010.00 Managers in natural resources production and fishing 0.555 219 22220.01 Computer and network operators 0.555 220 31100.02 Internists, general 0.555 221 22211.00 Industrial designers 0.554 222 31301.05 Nursing researchers and consultants 0.553 223 13101.00 Property administrators 0.552 224 22212.01 Drafting technologists 0.549 225 0.548 228 21201.00 Landscape architects Geographic information system (GIS) technologists and 22214.04 technicians Supervisors, general office and administrative support 12010.00 workers 21320.00 Chemical engineers 229 21322.00 Metallurgical and materials engineers 0.535 230 31100.14 Specialists in laboratory medicine, including pathologists 0.534 231 64201.02 Wedding consultants 0.533 232 21399.03 Engineering physicists and engineering scientists 0.531 233 72601.03 Flight service specialists 0.530 234 22212.02 Drafting technicians 0.530 235 60020.00 Retail and wholesale trade managers 0.522 236 14101.04 Telephone operators 0.515 237 22220.02 Web technicians 0.511 238 22214.05 Meteorological technologists and technicians 0.511 239 31120.02 Industrial pharmacists 0.508 240 22210.00 Architectural technologists and technicians 0.507 241 70010.00 Construction managers 0.505 242 52111.00 Graphic arts technicians 0.503 212 226 227 0.568 0.566 0.546 0.541 0.540 47 243 13201.02 Transportation logistics coordinators 0.500 244 14101.03 Switchboard and answering service operators 0.499 245 43203.02 Immigration officers 0.497 246 70012.01 Facility operation managers 0.494 247 65229.00 Other support occupations in personal services 0.494 248 31100.05 Allergists and immunologists 0.492 249 32209.05 Holistic nutritionists 0.491 250 41220.00 Secondary school teachers 0.491 251 50012.00 Recreation, sports and fitness program and service directors 0.490 252 21399.01 Agricultural and bio-resource engineers 0.489 253 21321.00 Industrial and manufacturing engineers 0.486 254 21110.02 Microbiologists and cell and molecular biologists 0.482 255 12110.01 Court reporters 0.481 256 21101.00 Chemists 0.480 257 0.480 259 90010.00 Manufacturing managers Landscape designers and landscape architectural technicians 22114.04 and technologists 14100.01 General office support workers 260 31112.01 Audiologists 0.477 261 41400.01 Ergonomists 0.475 262 31102.00 General practitioners and family physicians 0.473 263 52120.01 Graphic designers 0.472 264 52114.00 Announcers and other broadcasters 0.469 265 14112.01 Desktop publishing operators 0.464 266 51121.01 Conductors 0.464 267 41400.02 Occupational or industrial hygienists 0.462 268 31100.06 Hospitalists 0.458 269 21399.05 Textile engineers 0.458 270 52119.01 Floor managers 0.456 271 43109.02 Driver's license examiners 0.455 272 31100.09 Dermatologists 0.451 273 31209.03 Doctors of naturopathics medicine 0.449 274 90011.05 Waste systems managers 0.446 275 70011.00 Home building and renovation managers 0.446 276 53123.03 Exhibit designers 0.441 258 0.480 0.478 48 277 21102.01 Geoscientists 0.441 278 21110.01 Biologists 0.440 279 90011.04 Water pollution control managers 0.437 280 31111.00 Optometrists 0.437 281 13100.00 Administrative officers 0.436 282 31303.04 Orthoptists 0.436 283 90011.03 Natural gas and petroleum supply managers 0.432 284 53123.02 Fashion designers 0.430 285 70021.00 Postal and courier services managers 0.428 286 32109.01 Hearing instrument practitioners 0.427 287 52120.02 Illustrators 0.427 288 50010.00 Library, archive, museum and art gallery managers 0.426 289 42201.00 Social and community service workers 0.425 290 51100.00 Librarians 0.425 291 53111.07 Production assistants 0.424 292 72025.00 Supervisors, mail and message distribution occupations 0.419 293 14111.00 Data entry clerks 0.418 294 43202.05 Liquor licence inspectors 0.418 295 90011.01 Water supply managers 0.416 296 41403.02 Home economists 0.414 297 0.413 299 21120.00 Public and environmental health and safety professionals Supervisors, supply chain, tracking and scheduling 12013.00 coordination occupations 12203.01 Assessors 300 12203.02 Business valuators 0.412 301 22300.02 Civil engineering technicians 0.409 302 60040.00 Managers in customer and personal services 0.408 303 64400.00 Customer services representatives - financial institutions 0.408 304 31120.01 Community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists 0.406 305 31100.03 Pediatricians, general 0.405 306 22214.01 Cartographic technologists and technicians 0.405 307 31100.08 Nuclear medicine physicians 0.400 308 31100.13 Other specialists in clinical medicine 0.400 309 51101.02 Curators 0.396 310 22302.01 Industrial engineering and manufacturing technologists 0.396 298 0.413 0.412 49 311 51102.00 Archivists 0.393 312 70012.02 Maintenance managers 0.391 313 31101.03 Ophthalmologists 0.390 314 22214.02 Photogrammetric technologists and technicians 0.387 315 31300.00 Nursing coordinators and supervisors 0.386 316 64201.01 Image consultants 0.381 317 21399.04 Marine and naval engineers 0.378 318 33109.01 Audiometric technicians 0.374 319 31101.04 Urologists 0.370 320 32209.03 Homeopaths 0.369 321 21109.03 Soil scientists 0.369 322 31301.04 Registered psychiatric nurses 0.368 323 31303.01 Physician Assistants 0.366 324 21102.02 Oceanographers 0.366 325 22300.01 Civil engineering technologists 0.362 326 64410.04 Private investigators 0.355 327 53123.01 Theatre designers 0.355 328 14112.02 Typesetting input and output operators 0.348 329 32209.01 Herbalists 0.345 330 60030.00 Restaurant and food service managers 0.344 331 31100.12 Radiologists 0.344 332 31209.02 Chiropodists and diploma or first-degree trained podiatrists 0.342 333 41221.00 Elementary school and kindergarten teachers 0.342 334 21112.00 Agricultural representatives, consultants and specialists 0.342 335 64312.03 Airline reservation agents 0.340 336 31209.01 Doctors of Podiatric Medicine 0.336 337 0.333 340 62010.00 Retail sales supervisors Supervisors, motor transport and other ground transit 72024.00 operators Aerial survey and remote sensing technologists and 22214.03 technicians 31302.00 Nurse practitioners 341 80021.00 Managers in horticulture 0.317 342 22310.02 Electrical and electronics engineering technicians 0.316 343 22233.00 Construction inspectors 0.315 338 339 0.329 0.321 0.320 50 344 72205.03 Telecommunications service testers 0.313 345 31101.02 Obstetricians and gynecologists 0.312 346 14100.02 File clerks 0.310 347 92100.02 Power systems operators 0.304 348 22302.02 Industrial engineering and manufacturing technicians 0.303 349 32200.01 Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners 0.298 350 22310.01 Electrical and electronics engineering technologists 0.294 351 41210.00 College and other vocational instructors 0.291 352 80022.00 Managers in aquaculture 0.288 353 42203.00 Instructors of persons with disabilities 0.288 354 52119.02 Key grips 0.287 355 62020.00 Food service supervisors 0.285 356 92020.00 Supervisors, motor vehicle assembling 0.284 357 51114.04 Sign language Interpreters 0.283 358 31100.01 Anesthesiologists 0.282 359 31100.10 Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians 0.280 360 22313.01 Aircraft instrument mechanics and technicians 0.278 361 53201.02 Sports scouts 0.275 362 31303.05 Pathologist assistants 0.274 363 31101.01 General surgery 0.274 364 22221.00 User support technicians 0.273 365 41311.00 Probation and parole officers 0.272 366 42202.01 Early childhood educators 0.271 367 52112.00 Broadcast technicians 0.269 368 43109.04 Modelling instructors 0.269 369 64314.00 Hotel front desk clerks 0.267 370 51122.03 Teachers of music or voice 0.265 371 31101.05 Other specialists in surgery 0.264 372 31301.02 Occupational health nurses 0.263 373 80020.00 Managers in agriculture 0.261 374 31110.04 Prosthodontists 0.260 375 32123.02 Electrophysiological technologists 0.259 376 22231.05 Oil and gas drilling rig inspectors 0.257 377 43100.00 Elementary and secondary school teacher assistants 0.256 378 64321.00 Casino workers 0.256 51 379 31301.06 Clinical nurses 0.256 380 32120.00 Medical laboratory technologists 0.256 381 22232.00 Occupational health and safety specialists 0.253 382 41310.02 Coroners and medical examiners 0.253 383 0.248 385 31110.02 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Accommodation, travel, tourism and related services 62022.00 supervisors 32110.00 Denturists 386 62202.02 Watch repairers 0.245 387 14402.00 Production logistics workers 0.245 388 22110.01 Biological technologists 0.244 389 51122.02 Singers 0.243 390 32100.00 Opticians 0.239 391 53121.02 Acting teachers 0.237 392 53100.04 393 31110.03 Orthodontists 0.236 394 0.234 396 41409.02 Archaeologists Supervisors, petroleum, gas and chemical processing and 92011.00 utilities 22100.01 Chemical technologists 397 92013.00 Supervisors, plastic and rubber products manufacturing 0.230 398 32109.03 Ophthalmic technologists and technicians 0.229 399 32209.06 Naturotherapists 0.229 400 52100.02 Public archive technicians 0.228 401 62202.01 Jewellers and related workers 0.227 402 64311.03 Ship pursers 0.226 403 92012.00 Supervisors, food and beverage processing 0.223 404 92014.00 Supervisors, forest products processing 0.223 405 32129.01 Dietary technicians 0.221 406 92015.00 407 92022.00 Supervisors, furniture and fixtures manufacturing 0.220 408 64320.02 Travel guides 0.218 409 31303.02 Midwives 0.217 384 395 Curatorial assistants, museum extension officers, museology technicians and museum registrars and cataloguers Supervisors, textile, fabric, fur and leather products processing and manufacturing 0.248 0.246 0.237 0.233 0.232 0.220 52 410 0.217 412 92010.00 Supervisors, mineral and metal processing Supervisors, electronics and electrical products 92021.00 manufacturing 43109.01 Driving instructors 413 92024.00 Supervisors, other products manufacturing and assembly 0.214 414 31110.01 Dentists, General 0.213 415 31209.04 Doctors of osteopathic medicine 0.213 416 64410.03 Corporate security officers 0.212 417 0.212 419 52100.01 Library Technicians Supervisors, other mechanical and metal products 92023.00 manufacturing 64313.02 Cargo service representatives (except airline) 420 41310.01 Police investigators 0.208 421 32121.02 Nuclear medicine technologists 0.206 422 22100.02 Chemical technicians 0.205 423 53124.08 Craft instructors 0.205 424 32129.02 Ocularists 0.202 425 21109.04 Astronauts 0.201 426 22101.01 Geological and mineral technologists 0.199 427 33100.02 Dental Laboratory Assistants 0.196 428 22110.02 Biological technicians 0.193 429 33109.04 Ophthalmic assistants 0.193 430 31203.00 Occupational therapists 0.190 431 72020.00 Contractors and supervisors, mechanic trades 0.189 432 32112.00 Dental technologists and technicians 0.188 433 22313.04 Avionics inspectors 0.188 434 62029.00 Other services supervisors 0.186 435 53100.01 Conservation and restoration technicians 0.185 436 22301.01 Mechanical engineering technologists 0.185 437 32124.00 Pharmacy technicians 0.185 438 94211.02 Other wood products inspectors 0.183 439 82010.00 Supervisors, logging and forestry 0.183 440 72600.02 Flight engineers 0.182 441 72404.02 Aircraft inspectors 0.182 442 51101.01 Conservators 0.178 411 418 0.217 0.216 0.211 0.208 53 443 22230.00 Non-destructive testers and inspectors 0.177 444 22101.02 Geological and mineral technicians 0.172 445 94210.04 Furniture and fixture inspectors 0.172 446 43202.08 Zoning inspectors 0.172 447 22231.02 Railway accident investigation officers 0.172 448 0.172 450 52113.00 Audio and video recording technicians Medical laboratory assistants and related technical 33101.00 occupations 65109.02 Door-to-door salespersons and street vendors 451 32103.02 Clinical perfusionists 0.169 452 32129.03 Prosthetists and orthotists 0.166 453 72600.03 Flying instructors 0.165 454 72600.01 Air pilots 0.165 455 43202.02 By-law enforcement officers 0.164 456 22313.02 Aircraft electrical mechanics and technicians 0.159 457 62201.02 Embalmers 0.159 458 93102.00 Pulping, papermaking and coating control operators 0.159 459 41406.01 Recreation, sports and fitness consultants 0.158 460 72022.00 Supervisors, printing and related occupations 0.157 461 53100.03 Museum interpreters 0.157 462 31301.03 Community Health Nurses 0.156 463 22231.03 Airworthiness inspectors 0.156 464 64312.02 Airline cargo and freight agents 0.156 465 64100.01 Retail salespersons 0.155 466 32123.01 Cardiology technologists 0.153 467 14300.00 Library assistants and clerks 0.153 468 55109.04 Influencers 0.151 469 64313.01 Ticket agents and related clerks (except airline) 0.151 470 63211.02 Cosmeticians 0.151 471 53100.05 Taxidermists 0.150 472 21111.00 Forestry professionals 0.149 473 63211.03 Electrologists 0.148 474 31301.01 General duty registered nurses 0.148 475 53110.00 Photographers 0.147 476 72023.00 Supervisors, railway transport operations 0.145 449 0.171 0.171 54 477 42202.02 Early childhood educator assistants 0.143 478 43109.03 Sewing instructors 0.142 479 63211.04 Manicurists and pedicurist 0.141 480 64410.05 Retail loss prevention officers 0.140 481 41406.03 Recreation, sports and fitness program supervisors 0.140 482 43202.04 Garbage collection inspectors 0.139 483 22111.05 Plant protection inspectors 0.135 484 32200.02 Acupuncturists 0.134 485 82020.00 Supervisors, mining and quarrying 0.134 486 31103.00 Veterinarians 0.133 487 45100.01 Student monitors 0.133 488 72021.00 Contractors and supervisors, heavy equipment operator crews 0.133 489 92100.01 Power engineers 0.133 490 32121.03 Radiation therapists 0.129 491 64312.01 Airline passenger, baggage and ticket agents 0.129 492 21203.00 Land surveyors 0.128 493 53201.01 Coaches 0.128 494 32103.03 Cardiopulmonary technologists 0.128 495 53100.02 Preparators and picture framers 0.127 496 63202.00 Bakers 0.125 497 32209.04 Reflexologists 0.124 498 72011.00 499 22111.02 Fruit and vegetables inspectors 0.123 500 22111.03 Grain inspectors 0.123 501 22111.04 Meat inspectors 0.123 502 64320.01 Tour guides 0.121 503 72010.00 504 22111.01 Fish and fish products inspectors 0.120 505 32111.02 Dental therapists 0.118 506 52119.07 Settings shop foremen and property masters 0.117 507 32103.01 Respiratory therapists 0.115 508 53111.03 Props persons and set builders 0.114 Contractors and supervisors, electrical trades and telecommunications occupations Contractors and supervisors, machining, metal forming, shaping and erecting trades and related occupations 0.123 0.121 55 Contractors and supervisors, other construction trades, installers, repairers and servicers 509 72014.00 510 22301.02 Mechanical engineering technicians 0.113 511 22213.01 Land survey technologists 0.110 512 33109.02 Orthopedic technologists 0.109 513 53125.00 Patternmakers - textile, leather and fur products 0.108 514 62200.01 Head Chefs 0.108 515 72012.00 Contractors and supervisors, pipefitting trades 0.106 516 22231.01 Motor Vehicle defects investigators 0.104 517 94205.02 Inspectors and testers in electrical apparatus manufacturing 0.104 518 63211.01 Estheticians 0.104 519 62200.03 Specialist chefs 0.102 520 31201.00 Chiropractors 0.102 521 14403.02 Inventory control workers 0.101 522 72013.00 Contractors and supervisors, carpentry trades 0.100 523 73310.01 Railway locomotive engineers 0.099 524 63211.06 Tattoo artists 0.099 525 94203.03 Inspectors, industrial electrical motors and transformers 0.098 526 94212.02 Plastic products inspectors 0.097 527 32122.00 Medical sonographers 0.097 528 53202.00 Sports officials and referees 0.096 529 31202.00 Physiotherapists 0.095 530 22213.02 Land survey technicians 0.094 531 0.094 534 53111.02 Motion picture projectionists Graphic arts camera operators, scanner operators, film 94151.01 strippers and assemblers Inspectors and graders, textile, fabric, fur and leather 94133.00 products manufacturing 94204.02 Mechanical inspectors 535 53122.03 Art instructors and teachers 0.091 536 94202.02 537 33109.07 Blood donor clinic assistants 0.088 538 82021.00 Contractors and supervisors, oil and gas drilling and services 0.087 539 82030.02 Farm supervisors 0.087 532 533 Inspectors and testers, electrical appliance, apparatus and equipment manufacturing 0.114 0.094 0.092 0.092 0.091 56 540 32121.04 Magnetic Resonance Technologist 0.087 541 94112.03 Rubber products inspectors 0.086 542 33103.00 Pharmacy technical assistants and pharmacy assistants 0.084 543 62200.02 Sous-Chefs 0.083 544 40041.00 Fire chiefs and senior firefighting officers 0.081 545 32111.01 Dental hygienists 0.080 546 94219.02 Product inspectors 0.079 547 32101.02 Operating room technicians 0.078 548 94151.03 549 32129.04 Prosthetic and orthotic technicians 0.075 550 94104.00 Inspectors and testers, mineral and metal processing 0.075 551 73310.02 Yard locomotive engineers 0.073 552 94201.02 Electronics inspectors and testers 0.073 553 32209.02 Osteopathic manual practitioners 0.072 554 72603.00 Engineer officers, water transport 0.072 555 40042.00 Commissioned officers of the Canadian Armed Forces 0.071 556 94153.00 Photographic and film processors 0.070 557 94143.00 Testers and graders, food and beverage processing 0.069 558 43202.07 Taxi inspectors 0.067 559 64300.00 Maîtres d'hôtel and hosts/hostesses 0.066 560 33109.05 Optical/ophthalmic laboratory technicians and assistants 0.065 561 73311.01 Railway conductors 0.065 562 32121.01 Radiological technologists 0.064 563 33109.08 Morgue attendants 0.063 564 53124.09 Artistic floral arrangers Flight pursers, customer service directors and passenger 64311.02 service directors 72602.00 Deck officers, water transport 0.061 0.059 569 63211.05 Scalp treatment specialists Central control and process operators, petroleum, gas and 93101.00 chemical processing 94110.00 Chemical plant machine operators 570 75210.03 Ferry terminal workers 0.055 571 53122.01 Painters 0.054 565 566 567 568 Prepress technicians, platemakers, proofmakers, and preflight/file-preparation operators 0.076 0.061 0.059 0.057 0.055 57 572 22231.04 Inspectors, weights and measures 0.054 573 64301.00 Bartenders 0.052 574 51122.01 Musicians 0.049 575 65109.01 Demonstrators and direct distributors 0.048 576 40040.00 577 82030.01 Agricultural service contractors 0.046 578 22313.03 Avionics mechanics and technicians 0.043 579 32104.00 Animal health technologists and veterinary technicians 0.043 580 64200.03 Milliners 0.033 581 52119.04 Stunt co-ordinators and special effects technicians 0.031 582 32109.04 Physical Rehabilitation therapists 0.030 583 52110.00 Film and video camera operators 0.030 584 94150.00 Plateless printing equipment operators 0.029 585 43202.03 Commercial transport inspectors 0.028 586 92101.01 Water treatment plant operators 0.027 587 94200.02 Motor vehicle inspectors and testers 0.026 588 72102.00 Sheet metal workers 0.026 589 22312.00 Industrial instrument technicians and mechanics 0.026 590 92101.02 Liquid waste plant operators 0.026 591 72101.01 Tool and die makers 0.026 592 54100.02 Fitness appraisers 0.024 593 52119.06 Costumiers 0.024 594 93200.02 Aircraft assembly inspectors 0.023 595 53121.01 Actors and comedians 0.023 596 64100.02 Visual merchandisers 0.022 597 64200.01 Tailors, Dressmakers and Alterationists 0.020 598 64200.02 Furriers 0.019 599 72999.01 Gunsmiths 0.016 600 22112.00 Forestry technologists and technicians 0.016 601 94123.02 Other wood processing inspectors and graders 0.015 602 53111.01 Camera crane operators 0.014 603 32101.01 Licensed practical nurses 0.014 604 94123.01 Lumber graders 0.013 605 72422.00 Electrical mechanics 0.012 Commissioned police officers and related occupations in public protection services 0.047 58 606 72100.02 Machining and tooling inspectors 0.011 607 52119.05 Make-up artists 0.011 608 72429.00 Other small engine and small equipment repairers 0.010 609 32102.00 Paramedical occupations 0.009 610 53124.03 Metal art workers 0.003 611 94111.01 Mixing machine operators - plastic processing 0.002 612 43203.01 Border services and customs officers 0.001 613 72501.00 Water well drillers 0.000 614 75210.04 Boat operators -0.001 615 94111.03 Extruding process operators - plastic processing -0.003 616 72404.01 Aircraft mechanics -0.004 617 42100.00 Police officers (except commissioned) -0.005 618 53122.02 Sculptors Electronic service technicians (household and business 22311.00 equipment) Central control and process operators, mineral and metal 93100.00 processing Contractors and supervisors, landscaping, grounds 82031.00 maintenance and horticulture services -0.006 622 44100.02 Foster parents -0.010 623 63211.07 Hair replacement technicians (non-medical) -0.010 624 72202.00 Power system electricians -0.011 625 33100.01 Dental assistants -0.011 626 72201.00 Industrial electricians -0.011 627 31204.02 Kinesiologists and exercise therapists -0.012 628 94111.02 Calendering process operators - plastic processing -0.013 629 72423.02 Recreation vehicle technicians -0.014 630 42101.00 Firefighters -0.015 631 73401.00 Printing press operators -0.017 632 31204.01 Recreational therapists -0.017 633 45100.02 Crossing guards -0.019 634 75200.01 Taxi and limousine drivers -0.023 635 73301.02 School bus drivers -0.025 636 72410.01 Automotive service technicians -0.026 637 72405.00 Machine fitters -0.027 619 620 621 -0.006 -0.008 -0.008 59 638 73402.02 Blasters - surface mining, quarrying and construction -0.027 639 65329.06 Ticket takers and ushers -0.028 640 72205.01 Telephone installers and repairers -0.028 641 72200.00 Electricians (except industrial and power system) -0.028 642 32109.05 Physiotherapy assistants and occupational therapy assistants -0.029 643 33109.06 Sterile processing technicians -0.032 644 72100.01 Machinists -0.033 645 75200.02 Chauffeurs -0.034 646 73209.00 Other repairers and servicers -0.036 647 72410.03 Transport truck and trailer mechanics -0.036 648 72205.04 Telecommunications equipment technicians -0.036 649 44100.01 Home child care providers -0.037 650 64311.01 Flight attendants -0.037 651 63200.00 Cooks -0.038 652 52119.03 Gaffers and lighting technicians -0.039 653 72423.01 Motorcycle, all-terrain vehicle and other related mechanics -0.039 654 53111.06 Dressers -0.039 655 72420.00 Oil and solid fuel heating mechanics -0.039 656 94106.00 Machining tool operators -0.040 657 22114.02 Golf course superintendents -0.040 658 -0.040 660 72101.02 Metal mould makers and patternmakers Textile fibre, yarn, hide and pelt processing machine 94130.01 operators 72999.03 Safe and vault servicers 661 74100.02 Mailroom clerks -0.042 662 94140.01 Process control operators, food and beverage processing -0.042 663 72500.00 Crane operators -0.042 664 72999.05 Die setters -0.043 665 73301.01 Bus and streetcar drivers -0.043 666 94203.01 Assemblers, industrial electrical motors and transformers -0.045 667 72999.02 Locksmiths -0.045 668 73301.03 Subway train and light rail transit operators -0.046 669 72103.00 Boilermakers -0.048 670 94201.01 Electronics assemblers and fabricators -0.049 671 72410.02 Mechanical repairers, motor vehicle manufacturing -0.049 659 -0.040 -0.041 60 672 94204.01 Mechanical assemblers -0.050 673 74204.01 Waterworks maintenance workers -0.050 674 72402.00 Heating, refrigeration and air conditioning mechanics -0.053 675 72421.02 Major appliance repairers/technicians -0.054 676 94107.00 Machine operators of other metal products -0.054 677 53124.07 Weavers -0.054 678 -0.057 680 94111.04 Moulding process operators - plastic processing Assemblers, electrical appliance, apparatus and equipment 94202.01 manufacturing 14401.00 Storekeepers and partspersons 681 64401.00 Postal services representatives -0.058 682 63210.02 Barbers -0.058 683 72205.05 Television cable service technicians -0.059 684 94200.01 Motor vehicle assemblers -0.059 685 94105.01 Metalworking machine operators -0.059 686 74204.02 Gas maintenance workers -0.061 687 72999.04 Saw fitters -0.063 688 72400.01 Construction millwrights and industrial mechanics -0.064 689 65329.07 Other elemental service workers -0.064 690 63210.01 Hairstylists -0.065 691 22113.00 Conservation and fishery officers -0.066 692 42102.00 Specialized members of the Canadian Armed Forces -0.066 693 65100.00 Cashiers -0.067 694 75210.02 Cable ferry operators -0.067 695 73402.01 Drillers - surface mining, quarrying and construction -0.067 696 94112.01 Rubber processing machine operators -0.068 697 94122.00 Paper converting machine operators -0.068 698 94219.01 Product assemblers and finishers -0.068 699 94105.02 Forging machine operators -0.069 700 72421.01 Small electrical appliance servicers and repairers -0.069 701 72205.02 Switch network installers and repairers -0.069 702 94100.00 Machine operators, mineral and metal processing -0.070 703 94140.02 Machine operators, food and beverage processing -0.071 704 63221.00 Upholsterers -0.072 705 94102.01 Glass process control operators -0.072 679 -0.057 -0.058 61 706 94205.01 Machine operators in electrical apparatus manufacturing -0.072 707 75210.01 Lock equipment operators -0.073 708 72300.00 Plumbers -0.074 709 72400.02 Textile machinery mechanics and repairers -0.074 710 94152.00 Binding and finishing machine operators -0.074 711 22114.03 Horticulturists -0.076 712 65211.02 Attendants in amusement, recreation and sport -0.078 713 72406.00 Elevator constructors and mechanics -0.078 714 -0.079 716 43200.00 Sheriffs and bailiffs General building maintenance workers and building 73201.00 superintendents 94130.02 Textile, hide and pelt dyeing and finishing machine operators 717 62024.00 Cleaning supervisors -0.085 718 63201.00 Butchers - retail and wholesale -0.085 719 72203.00 Electrical power line and cable workers -0.086 720 43204.00 Operations Members of the Canadian Armed Forces -0.086 721 72204.00 Telecommunications line and cable installers and repairers -0.086 722 74202.00 Air transport ramp attendants -0.087 723 73300.01 Long-haul transport truck drivers -0.089 724 95105.03 Fur cutters -0.090 725 64322.00 Outdoor sport and recreational guides -0.093 726 64410.01 Security guards -0.095 727 43202.01 Animal control officer -0.095 728 63220.02 Shoe repairers -0.096 729 53124.06 Instrument makers -0.097 730 65211.01 Amusement attraction operators -0.098 731 44101.00 Home support workers, caregivers and related occupations -0.098 732 64410.02 Armoured car guards -0.099 733 72104.00 Structural metal and platework fabricators and fitters -0.101 734 94102.03 Glass finishing machine operators -0.102 735 94103.02 Clay products forming and finishing machine operators -0.104 736 43202.06 Parking control officers -0.104 737 94101.03 Foundry furnace operators -0.105 738 94210.02 Furniture finishers -0.106 739 53124.02 Glass blowers -0.106 715 -0.082 -0.082 62 740 94151.02 Etchers and engravers -0.106 741 84101.02 Oil and gas well service operators -0.106 742 73202.00 Pest controllers and fumigators -0.106 743 72403.00 Railway carmen/women -0.107 744 95105.02 Fabric cutters -0.107 745 72411.00 746 94102.02 Glass forming machine operators -0.108 747 94212.01 Plastic products assemblers and finishers -0.108 748 43201.00 Correctional service officers -0.109 749 53124.05 Stained glass artists -0.110 750 83101.02 Oil and gas well loggers, testers and related workers -0.111 751 65329.05 Parking lot attendants and car jockeys -0.111 752 14400.00 Shippers and receivers -0.111 753 73400.00 Heavy equipment operators -0.113 754 72302.00 Gas fitters -0.114 755 62021.00 Executive housekeepers -0.115 756 94121.00 Pulp mill, papermaking and finishing machine operators -0.115 757 53124.01 Carvers -0.118 758 63220.01 Shoemakers -0.118 759 95105.04 Leather cutters -0.120 760 72106.01 Welders -0.120 761 65329.03 Funeral home attendants -0.121 762 65329.01 Beauty salon attendants -0.121 763 93200.01 Aircraft assemblers -0.123 764 73311.02 Brakemen -0.124 765 55109.02 Magicians and illusionists -0.126 766 65210.02 Ship and train service attendants -0.127 767 75201.00 Delivery service drivers and door-to-door distributors -0.128 768 74102.00 Couriers and messengers -0.133 769 94124.00 Woodworking machine operators -0.134 770 72301.01 Steamfitters and pipefitters -0.135 771 72401.00 Heavy-duty equipment mechanics -0.135 772 54100.01 Program leaders and instructors in recreation and sport -0.137 773 94129.00 Other wood processing machine operators -0.137 Auto body collision, refinishing and glass technicians and damage repair estimators -0.108 63 774 94210.03 Furniture refinishers -0.137 775 94120.00 Sawmill machine operators -0.139 776 33109.03 Rehabilitation aides -0.139 777 83110.00 Logging machinery operators -0.142 778 72301.02 Sprinkler system installers -0.143 779 94132.00 Industrial sewing machine operators -0.144 780 73111.00 Glaziers -0.145 781 84101.01 Oil and gas well drilling workers -0.145 782 83101.01 Oil and gas well drillers and well servicers -0.148 783 94101.02 Metal casters -0.148 784 94131.00 Weavers, knitters and other fabric making occupations -0.148 785 74201.01 Engine room crew - water transport -0.149 786 74101.00 Letter carriers -0.152 787 74200.01 Railway yard workers -0.153 788 73300.02 Short-haul and local transport truck drivers -0.154 789 83120.00 Fishing masters and officers -0.154 790 72311.00 Cabinetmakers -0.155 791 44200.00 Primary combat members of the Canadian Armed Forces -0.155 792 75101.02 Material handlers (equipment operators) -0.156 793 72999.06 Commercial divers -0.156 794 53111.05 Grips and riggers -0.157 795 65220.00 Pet groomers and animal care workers -0.157 796 22114.07 Lawn care specialists -0.159 797 -0.162 799 94210.01 Furniture and fixture assemblers Concrete products forming and finiching machine operators 94103.01 and workers 72106.02 Welding, brazing and soldering machine operators 800 94211.01 Other wood products assemblers -0.167 801 94213.02 Industrial metal finishing process operators -0.168 802 -0.169 804 65202.00 Meat cutters and fishmongers - retail and wholesale Automotive and heavy truck and equipment parts installers 74203.00 and servicers 32201.00 Massage therapists 805 72310.00 Carpenters -0.173 806 75100.00 Longshore workers -0.174 798 803 -0.163 -0.164 -0.169 -0.172 64 807 -0.176 809 65200.00 Food and beverage servers Public works maintenance equipment operators and related 74205.00 workers 94102.04 Glass cutters 810 73200.00 Residential and commercial installers and servicers -0.180 811 -0.181 813 53124.04 Potters Electrical fitters and wirers, industrial electrical motors and 94203.02 transformers 74201.02 Deck crew, water transport 814 94112.02 Assemblers, rubber products -0.187 815 65329.02 Door attendants -0.187 816 65101.00 Automotive and watercraft service station attendants -0.192 817 33102.00 Nurse aides, orderlies and patient service associates -0.194 818 51120.03 Choreographers -0.203 819 73101.00 Tilesetters -0.206 820 73102.03 Lathers -0.210 821 84111.00 Silviculture and forestry workers -0.211 822 72321.00 Insulators -0.218 823 94213.01 Industrial painters and coaters -0.220 824 84121.00 Fishing vessel deckhands -0.220 825 84100.00 Underground mine service and support workers -0.222 826 74200.02 Railway track maintenance workers -0.223 827 83100.00 Underground production and development miners -0.223 828 84120.02 Farm machinery operators -0.228 829 83121.00 Fishermen/women -0.232 830 55109.01 Buskers -0.237 831 94101.01 Mouldmakers and coremakers -0.237 832 73110.01 Roofers -0.239 833 22114.01 Arborists and tree service technicians -0.240 834 84120.01 Specialized livestock workers -0.240 835 53121.03 Circus and other performers -0.241 836 65210.03 Facilities workers -0.245 837 95101.00 Labourers in metal fabrication -0.245 838 85104.00 Trappers and hunters -0.246 839 73110.02 Shinglers -0.247 808 812 -0.178 -0.179 -0.184 -0.185 65 840 55109.03 Fashion Models -0.248 841 53120.02 Dance teachers -0.250 842 72105.00 Ironworkers -0.253 843 73102.01 Plasterers -0.256 844 94142.01 Fish and seafood plant machine operators -0.256 845 74100.01 Mail sorters -0.258 846 85110.00 Mine labourers -0.258 847 65320.03 Ironing, pressing and finishing workers -0.260 848 75212.00 Public works and maintenance labourers -0.260 849 94103.03 Stone forming and finishing workers -0.262 850 65329.04 Laundromat attendants -0.265 851 65201.01 Food counter attendants and food preparers -0.269 852 53200.00 Athletes -0.269 853 85102.00 Aquaculture and marine harvest labourers -0.275 854 75211.01 Railway labourers -0.275 855 65320.01 Dry cleaning and laundry machine operators -0.275 856 95107.00 Labourers in fish and seafood processing -0.275 857 95100.00 Labourers in mineral and metal processing -0.275 858 65201.04 Dishwashers -0.276 859 75119.00 Other trades helpers and labourers -0.276 860 85120.00 Logging and forestry labourers -0.282 861 75211.02 Motor transport labourers -0.284 862 72320.00 Bricklayers -0.285 863 73102.02 Drywall installers and finishers -0.285 864 95106.00 Labourers in food and beverage processing -0.287 865 73112.00 Painters and decorators (except interior decorators) -0.291 866 73113.00 Floor covering installers -0.291 867 65201.03 Food service helpers -0.293 868 95103.00 Labourers in wood, pulp and paper processing -0.294 869 95104.00 Labourers in rubber and plastic products manufacturing -0.295 870 65320.02 Dry cleaning and laundry inspectors and assemblers -0.298 871 85111.00 Oil and gas drilling, servicing and related labourers -0.300 872 95102.00 Labourers in chemical products processing and utilities -0.303 873 95105.01 Labourers in textile processing -0.303 874 85101.00 Harvesting labourers -0.305 66 875 73100.00 Concrete finishers -0.307 876 65201.02 Kitchen helpers -0.310 877 65210.01 Guest service attendants and baggage porters -0.311 878 95109.00 Other labourers in processing, manufacturing and utilities -0.312 879 65102.00 Store shelf stockers, clerks and order fillers -0.315 880 84110.00 Chain saw and skidder operators -0.317 881 85100.00 Livestock labourers\ -0.321 882 65311.04 Vehicle cleaners -0.323 883 85121.00 Landscaping and grounds maintenance labourers -0.324 884 65310.02 Housekeepers -0.326 885 65312.00 Janitors, caretakers and heavy-duty cleaners -0.340 886 85103.00 Nursery and greenhouse labourers -0.342 887 75110.00 Construction trades helpers and labourers -0.343 888 53120.01 Dancers -0.355 889 22114.06 Landscapers -0.360 890 22114.05 Landscape gardeners -0.364 891 94142.02 Fish and seafood plant cutters and cleaners -0.369 892 65311.02 Chimney cleaners and sandblasters -0.377 893 94141.03 Poultry preparers -0.378 894 94141.02 Industrial meat cutters -0.383 895 65310.01 Light duty cleaners -0.384 896 75101.01 Material handlers (manual) -0.384 897 65311.01 Carpet and upholstery cleaners -0.384 898 65311.03 Furnace and ventilation system cleaners -0.384 899 65311.05 Window cleaners -0.392 900 94141.01 Industrial butchers -0.401